Objective: Gestures of the hands and arms have long been observed to accompany speech in spontaneous conversation. However, the way in which these two modes of expression are related in production is not yet fully understood. So, the present study aims to investigate the spontaneous gestures that accompany speech in adults who stutter in comparison to fluent controls.Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional and comparative research, ten adults who stutter were selected randomly from speech and language pathology clinics and compared with ten healthy persons as control group who were matched with stutterers according to sex, age and education. The cartoon story-retelling task used to elicit spontaneous gestures that accompany speech. Participants were asked to watch the animation carefully and then retell the story line in as much detail as possible to a listener sitting across from him or her and his or her narration was video recorded simultaneously. Then recorded utterances and gestures were analyzed. The statistical methods such as Kolmogorov- Smirnov and Independent t-test were used for data analyzing.Results: The results indicated that stutterers in comparison to controls in average use fewer iconic gestures in their narration (P=0.005). Also, stutterers in comparison to controls in average use fewer iconic gestures per each utterance and word (P=0.019). Furthermore, the execution of gesture production during moments of dysfluency revealed that more than 70% of the gestures produced with stuttering were frozen or abandoned at the moment of dysfluency.Conclusion: It seems gesture and speech have such an intricate and deep association that show similar frequency and timing patterns and move completely parallel to each other in such a way that deficit in speech results in deficiency in hand gesture.

The present work sets as its objective to explore iconic motivation in the grammatical system of Modern Persian and its linguistic consequences. The cases in Modern Persian which come in this article under scrutiny are 1) the distribution of the verbal agreement marker - known as sheniise in Persian grammar - on verbs 2) past tense form and its time reference 3) passivization and the structure of sentences with non-predicative I linking verbs - called esnadi (in traditional grammatical terms esmiyye - i.e.nominal) sentences in Modern Persian and 4) complexpredicates. It will be demonstrated that in all the 4 areas mentioned, the grammatical system exhibits iconicity, especially in its diagrammatic form, between the grammatical structure and the conceptual structure of meaning or experience. As such, the article will establish a new outlook to the analysis and description of the Modern Persian language. The following thus constitute the specific outcomes of the analysis presented in the present work: 1. The auxiliary verb-main verb combination in Modern Persian forms a continuum, along which the grammatical dynamicity of the verb varies from the least dynamic - least verbal and more nominal in form - to the most dynamic - most the Modern Persian language. The following thus constitutverbal and least nominal. This dynamicity is formally realized by the (lack ot) the Modern Persian language. The following thus constitutoccurrence of shenase - the agreement marker of person and number with the grammaticalsubject of the sentence,which is attached to the end of the verb. However, the dynamicity is a reflection of the conceptual structure of meaning or experience. 2. Tense system in Modern Persian is more aspect-bound rather than time-bound. 3. There is a least common 4-enominator in the formation of passives and the so-called esnadi, i.e. linking, sentences with non-predicative verbs in Modern Persian: affected thematic structure. 4. The grammatical behavior of a complex verb in Modern Persian is a consequence of the type of its formation and the internal relation between the constituting elements, with the lower level being there no clash between the constitutive elements in terms of conceptual construct, and the higher level being a convergence in their conceptual properties.

In Persian, here are a set of limited number of body part terms which form an open class with a range of different transparent to opaue meanings. The members of this set can be classified into two main categories of: referential and nonreferential body part terms.This study tries to investigate how the terms are converted from one type to another in terms of meaning, structure, and morphosyntactic features. The result of this comariso showed a kind of diagrammatic iconicity between the changes in the two levels of form and meaning.

Will is the base and pedestal of contracts and ownerships without which one cannot appropriate legal and religious impressions to contracts and ownerships. Will is a covered issue whose place is reversed and the discovery of which involves some kind of declaration, gesture being one of them. Gesture like other manifestations of will- speech, writing, work, and silence- has got some propositions. In general, gesture is treated in regard to the born dumb whose gesture is interpretive of his will unless he is capable of writing; in this case writing is privileged to gesture. Another application of gesture is in regard to the not-hereditary dumb whose gesture is the base of his contracts and ownerships; in this case any possibility of his future recovery does not affect the proposition, because in the present era this is the commonsensical principle employed in stock exchanges, and legislative houses. In all cases gesture must be clear and understandable and there should be no statement against that.

With the rapid emergence of 3D applications and virtual environments in computer systems; the need for a new type of interaction device arises. This is because the traditional devices such as mouse, keyboard, and joystick become inefficient and cumbersome within these virtual environments. In other words, evolution of user interfaces shapes the change in the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Intuitive and naturalness characteristics of “Hand Gestures” in the HCI have been the driving force and motivation to develop an interaction device which can replace current unwieldy tools. A survey on the methods of analyzing, modeling and recognizing hand gestures in the context of the HCI is provided in this paper. Taxonomy of the different algorithms based on the applications that they have been developed for and the approaches that they have used to represent gestures is presented. In addition, direction of future developments is discussed.

Non - verbal behaviors seem to play a more important role in communication than verbal behaviors. This paper explores non - verbal behaviors and their communication functions in the Persian language and culture. It interprets the moment of body organs such as head. This article deals with the description of non-verbal behaviors and their communication functions in the Persian language and culture. These behaviors play an important role in communication and their roles are even more important than verbal behavior (speech). That non-verbal behaviors function as: 1- the substitution of speech 2- the reinforcement of verbal behavior 3- the rejection of verbal behavior. In this research the meaning of some body organs like, head, face, eye, mouth, lip, hand and leg in Persian is described.

This paper presents a novel approach for human-machine interface using visual-based communication. Scene analysis, object recognition and tracking, together with gesture detection and classification, are employed to design and implement a system for real time interaction. A new paradigm is proposed for efficient selection of hand gestures that can be used in other gesture-based environments aiming at interactive multimedia. An inexpensive web camera and readily available tools (such as an ordi­nary pen) have been used in this approach to render the system cost effective and suit­able for general and home-based multimedia applications. Focus is placed on real time applications with a fast decision function for gesture classification, and a model-based approach for orientation detection. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach when tested using different performance criteria.